Chapter 7: Cryptographic Systems

Chapter Outline:

7.0 Introduction
7.1 Cryptographic Services
7.2 Basic Integrity and Authenticity
7.3 Confidentiality
7.4 Public Key Cryptography
7.5 Summary

Section 7.1: Cryptographic Services

Upon completion of this section, you should be able to:

  • Explain the requirements of secure communications including integrity, authentication, and confidentiality.
  • Explain cryptography.
  • Describe cryptoanalysis.
  • Describe cryptology.

Topic 7.1.1: Securing Communications

Authentication, Integrity, and Confidentiality

Authentication

Data Integrity

Data Confidentiality

Topic 7.1.2: Cryptography

Creating Ciphertext

Ciphertext can be creating using several methods:

  • Transposition
  • Substitution
  • One-time pad

Transposition Ciphers

Substitution Ciphers

One-Time Pad Ciphers

Topic 7.1.3: Cryptanalysis

Cracking Code

Methods for Cracking Code

Methods used for cryptanalysis:

  • Brute-force method
  • Ciphertext method
  • Known-Plaintext method
  • Chosen-Plaintext method
  • Chosen-Ciphertext method
  • Meet-in-the-Middle method

Methods for Cracking Code

Frequency Analysis of the English Alphabet

Deciphering Using Frequency Analysis

Topic 7.1.4: Cryptology

Making and Breaking Secret Codes

Cryptanalysis

The Secret is in the Keys

Section 7.2: Basic Integrity and Authenticity

Topic 7.2.1: Cryptographic Hashes

Cryptographic Hash Function

Cryptographic Hash Function Properties

Well-Known Hash Functions

Topic 7.2.2: Integrity with MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2

Message Digest 5 Algorithm

Secure Hash Algorithm

MD5 Versus SHA

Topic 7.2.3: Authenticity with HMAC

Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code

HMAC Operation

Hashing in Cisco Products

Topic 7.2.4: Key Management

Characteristics of Key Management

Key Length and Keyspace

The Keyspace

Types of Cryptographic Keys

Types of cryptographic keys:

  • Symmetric keys
  • Asymmetric keys
  • Digital signatures
  • Hash keys

Choosing Cryptographic Keys

Section 7.3: Confidentiality

Topic 7.3.1: Encryption

Two Classes of Encryption Algorithms

Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption

Symmetric Encryption

Symmetric Block Ciphers and Stream Ciphers

Choosing an Encryption Algorithm

Topic 7.3.2: Data Encryption Standard

DES Symmetric Encryption

DES Summary

Improving DES with 3DES

3DES Operation

AES Origins

AES Summary

Topic 7.3.3: Alternate Encryption Algorithms

Software-Optimized Encryption Algorithm (SEAL)

SEAL has several restrictions:

  • The Cisco router and the peer must support IPsec.
  • The Cisco router and the other peer must run an IOS image that supports encryption.
  • The router and the peer must not have hardware IPsec encryption.

RC Algorithms

Topic 7.3.4: Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange

Diffie-Hellman (DH) Algorithm

DH Operation

Section 7.4: Public Key Cryptography

Topic 7.4.1: Symmetric Versus Asymmetric Encryption

Asymmetric Key Algorithms

Four protocols that use asymmetric key algorithms:

  • Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
  • Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
  • Secure Shell (SSH)
  • Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

Public Key + Private Key = Confidentiality

Private Key + Public Key = Authenticity

Asymmetric Algorithms

Alice Encrypts Message Using Bob’s Public Key

Alice Encrypts A Hash Using Bob’s Public Key

Bob Uses Alice’s Public Key to Decrypt Hash

Bob Uses His Public Key to Decrypt Message

Types of Asymmetric Algorithms

Topic 7.4.2: Digital Signatures

Using Digital Signatures

Digital Signature Properties:

  • Signature is authentic
  • Signature is unalterable
  • Signature is not reusable
  • Signature cannot be repudiated

Code Signing

Digitally signing code provides several assurances about the code:

  • The code is authentic and is actually sourced by the publisher.
  • The code has not been modified since it left the software publisher.
  • The publisher undeniably published the code.

Digital Certificates

Using Digital Certificates

Sending a Digital Certificate

Receiving a Digital Certificate

Digital Signature Algorithms

DSA Scorecard

RSA Scorecard

Topic 7.4.3: Public Key Infrastructure

Public Key Infrastructure Overview

PKI Framework

Elements of the PKI Framework

PKI Example

Certificate Authorities

Interoperability of Different PKI Vendors

Public-Key Cryptography Standards

Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol

PKI Topologies

Single-Root PKI Topology

Cross Certified CA

Hierarchical CA

Registration Authority

Digital Certificates and CAs

Retrieving CA Certificates

Submitting Certificate Requests to the CA

Peers Authenticate Each Other

Section 7.5: Summary

Chapter Objectives:

  • Explain the areas of cryptology.
  • Explain to two kinds of encryption algorithms.

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